AVE-14B

Liver and bile diseases

• Urobilinogen: A sensitive index of acute and chronic liver parenchyma damage, hemolytic jaundice, pathological state of the intestinal tract.

• Bilirubin: A sensitive index of liver parenchyma damage, obstructive jaundice, also for indicating biliary obstructions.

Kidneys and urinary tract diseases

• Blood: Indicator for serious infections of the kidneys and urinary tract, urolithiasis, suspected renal or bladder neoplasms.

• Protein: Symptomatic of inflammatory renal and urinary tract diseases.

• Leukocytes: Symptomatic of inflammatory renal and urinary tract diseases.

• Nitrite: Bacterial infection of kidneys or urinary tract.

• pH: Useful in relation to other parameters. More acid urine (lower pH values) is found in case of an increased protein metabolism, high fever, serious diarrhea, and metabolic acidosis (serious form of diabetes mellitus) and alkalinity (increased pH value) may be noted in urinary tract infections, respiratory or metabolic alkalosis.

• Microalbumin: Early detection of renal damage, especially by diabetics or hypertension, in combination with the test of creatine.

• Creatine: Early detection of renal damage, especially by diabetics or hypertension, in combination with the test of microalbumin.

• Calcium: Indication of renal function level and the state of parathyroid.

• SG: Indication of the status of the kidney and information about the state of hydration.

Diabetes mellitus

• Glucose: Early detection of diabetes mellitus and supervision of type-II diabetic.

• Ketones: Early indication of ketosis or acidosis and control-parameter for diabetes mellitus.

Others

• Ascorbic acid: Low concentrations of ascorbic acid may disturb glucose and blood detection, and high ascorbic acid concentrations interfere with the nitrite and bilirubin test zones.